Ariel, the little mermaid who captured hearts across the globe, is a character steeped in rich literary and cultural history. Her story, most famously adapted by Disney, has origins that are much older and more complex. This article delves into the real story of Ariel, tracing her evolution from a 19th-century literary creation to a modern pop culture icon.
The Origins of Ariel: Hans Christian Andersen’s Creation
The character of Ariel first appeared in Danish author Hans Christian Andersen’s fairy tale, “Den Lille Havfrue” (“The Little Mermaid”), published in 1837. Andersen’s tale was a poignant narrative about sacrifice, love, and the longing for an immortal soul.
Plot Summary of Andersen’s “The Little Mermaid”
In Andersen’s original story, the Little Mermaid lives in an underwater kingdom with her father, the sea king, her grandmother, and her five older sisters. Unlike the Disney version, Andersen’s mermaid is nameless and characterized by her profound curiosity about the human world. She is fascinated by the human experience and yearns to be a part of it, particularly after saving a handsome prince from drowning.
To pursue her dream, she makes a pact with the sea witch, sacrificing her voice in exchange for human legs. However, Andersen’s tale is darker and more tragic. The Little Mermaid endures great pain with each step she takes on her new legs, and if she fails to win the prince’s love and marry him, she will die and dissolve into sea foam. Despite her efforts, the prince marries another, and the Little Mermaid faces her demise. In a twist of divine mercy, she is given a chance to earn an immortal soul by performing good deeds for 300 years.
Themes and Symbolism in Andersen’s Tale
Andersen’s story explores deep themes such as the soul’s immortality, self-sacrifice, and unrequited love. The Little Mermaid’s quest for an immortal soul can be seen as a reflection of Andersen’s own religious concerns and his understanding of love as an inherently sacrificial act. The pain she endures symbolizes the hardships that come with love and the pursuit of spiritual fulfillment.
The Disney Adaptation: A Modern Twist
In 1989, Disney released an animated musical adaptation of “The Little Mermaid,” which became an instant classic. The film introduced audiences to Ariel, a spirited and headstrong mermaid princess who dreams of life on land.
Changes in Character and Plot
Disney’s Ariel is significantly different from Andersen’s creation. Ariel is given a name, a distinctive personality, and a red-haired appearance that has become iconic. Unlike Andersen’s more somber mermaid, Disney’s Ariel is adventurous and rebellious, with a deep-seated desire to explore the human world.
The plot is also considerably altered. Ariel’s transformation into a human and her pursuit of Prince Eric is portrayed with a sense of optimism and romance, eschewing the tragic ending of Andersen’s tale. The Disney version concludes with Ariel marrying Prince Eric, securing her place in the human world, and her father granting her wish to live on land permanently.
Musical and Cultural Impact
The Disney film features a memorable soundtrack by Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, with songs like “Part of Your World” and “Under the Sea” becoming anthems for a generation. This musical element added a new layer of appeal and helped solidify Ariel as a beloved character.
The film’s success revitalized Disney’s animation studio and sparked what is known as the Disney Renaissance, a period of creative resurgence for the company. Ariel’s character became a cornerstone of Disney’s brand, influencing merchandise, theme park attractions, and future storytelling.
See also: Why Is The Little Mermaid Called Ariel
Ariel in Contemporary Culture
Ariel’s impact extends far beyond the silver screen. She has become a cultural icon, representing themes of freedom, exploration, and self-discovery.
Merchandising and Media Presence
Since the release of the Disney film, Ariel has been featured in a vast array of merchandise, from toys and clothing to home décor. Her image is omnipresent, and she is a staple character in Disney’s princess lineup. Ariel’s story has been expanded through sequels, prequels, and television series, each adding layers to her character and world.
Representation and Criticism
While Ariel is celebrated for her independent spirit, her story has also faced criticism. Some argue that the Disney version simplifies Andersen’s complex narrative, reducing it to a more conventional romance. Critics have pointed out that Ariel’s willingness to change herself for a man sets a problematic example, though others counter that her journey is about following her dreams and asserting her agency.
The 2023 live-action adaptation of “The Little Mermaid” introduced Halle Bailey as Ariel, a casting choice that received both praise for its inclusivity and backlash from some fans resistant to change. This casting sparked discussions about representation in media and the importance of diverse role models in children’s entertainment.
The Evolution of Mermaids in Myth and Literature
To fully understand Ariel’s significance, it is essential to explore the broader context of mermaid mythology and its evolution in literature and popular culture.
Ancient Myths and Folklore
Mermaid-like creatures have appeared in the myths and legends of various cultures for centuries. In ancient Assyria, the goddess Atargatis transformed into a mermaid, and similar figures are found in Greek mythology, such as the sirens, who lured sailors to their doom with their enchanting voices.
These early representations often depicted mermaids as both beautiful and dangerous, embodying the mysteries and perils of the sea. Over time, the image of the mermaid evolved, becoming more romanticized and less malevolent in Western folklore.
Literary Mermaids Preceding Andersen
Before Andersen’s “The Little Mermaid,” mermaids appeared in various literary works, often reflecting the fears and fascinations of the times. For instance, John William Waterhouse’s paintings and Matthew Arnold’s poetry in the 19th century often portrayed mermaids as alluring and tragic figures.
Andersen’s story was unique in that it combined these romantic elements with a deep philosophical and moral exploration. His mermaid’s desire for an immortal soul set her apart from the more one-dimensional depictions of her predecessors.
Ariel’s Legacy and Future
Ariel’s story, both in its original and adapted forms, continues to resonate with audiences worldwide. As society evolves, so too does the interpretation and relevance of her tale.
Feminist Interpretations
Modern feminist readings of Ariel’s story often focus on her quest for self-determination. While some critique her transformation as a sacrifice for a man, others view it as a metaphor for breaking free from societal constraints and pursuing one’s passions, regardless of the obstacles.
Impact on Popular Media
Ariel’s influence can be seen in a variety of media beyond the Disney franchise. Her story has inspired countless adaptations, reinterpretations, and homages in books, movies, and television shows. She has become a symbol of youthful rebellion, curiosity, and the desire for transformation.
Educational and Inspirational Role
Ariel’s journey from sea to land can also be seen as an educational narrative, teaching themes of perseverance, courage, and the importance of staying true to oneself. Her character inspires young audiences to dream big and explore the unknown.
Conclusion
Ariel’s enduring popularity is a testament to the timeless appeal of her story. From Andersen’s poignant fairy tale to Disney’s animated classic, Ariel embodies the universal themes of love, sacrifice, and the quest for a better life. Her character has evolved with the times, reflecting changing societal values and continuing to inspire new generations. As we look to the future, Ariel’s story will undoubtedly continue to be retold and reinterpreted, each version adding new dimensions to her rich legacy.
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